What is the DOM?
DOM (Document Object Model) is a tree-like structure that holds information about how an HTML (or XML) page is structured. Each individual node in the tree represents an element on a web page.
In Javascript, DOM can be accessed and modified via window.document object.
Let's see how can we add an element to a webpage using DOM interface.
Let's assume the following HTML code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>DOM</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="app"></div>
<script type="module" src="/src/main.ts"></script>
</body>
</html>
This template will be used throughout this post - we won't ever change it again 😌
To change the content of the page via DOM interface we can do the following:
const app = document.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>('#app')!;
app.innerHTML = `
<h1>Hello from DOM</h1>
`;
First, we are grabbing an element with the id "app" from the DOM, and later we change the contents of this element, to contain an h1 with a text in it.
The result isn't anything fancy.
It should work well for small apps, that do not update UI very often. However, if we plan to build a highly reactive site, there is a problem with this approach.
Operations on DOM are slow. Recreating the whole tree every time would be a waste of time and resources. If we'd like to build a highly reactive webpage, we need to look for another solution.
One approach would be to see which elements need to be updated by comparing old and new trees. That's exactly what Virtual DOM is aiming to do.
Let's see how can we build our own React 🔥
Creating a virtual DOM
In the real DOM, there is a method document.createElement that creates a new node. For our virtual DOM, we also need such a method.
view function
Let's create a function called h (it's a convention). The short name will come in handy later in the process 😉
const h = (type: string, props: any = {}, children: any[] = []) => ({
type,
props,
children,
});
The type argument describes the type of the HTML element like h1, div and so on...
The props argument works exactly like props in React - it allows us to pass data (attributes) to the element (although we will not cover them in this episode).
And children is an array of other nodes that should be rendered inside the current element.
Let's see how it could be used:
const view = () =>
h('div', {}, [
h('h1', {}, ['Hello']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
]);
We have created a div element with h1 and p elements inside. Each of those elements has a text node as its children.
Now it's time to convert this virtual tree into actual DOM.
render function
Let's implement a render function.
const render = (root: HTMLElement, view: Function) => {
const rendered = view();
diff(root, null, rendered);
};
const diff = (
root: HTMLElement,
oldNode: any,
newNode: any,
index: number = 0
) => {
};
render(app, view);
Render function evaluated the view function first, and then ran the diff function which takes a root element (from the real DOM), the old virtual value (since we render it for the first time it's null) and the new virtual value - the evaluated tree form the view function.
diff function
Basically, the diff function will just compare oldNode with newNode and see if it needs to update the root.
Let's now see how can we implement the diff function.
const diff = (
root: HTMLElement,
oldNode: any,
newNode: any,
index: number = 0
) => {
if (!oldNode) {
root.appendChild(createElement(newNode));
}
};
If oldNode is null, which means that this element is not present on the page, we need to create this element and insert it into DOM. First, we create an element using the createElement function, which we implement in a second, and then we use the appendChild method on a real DOM element, to append this node as its child.
Let's check how can we implement createElement function.
const createElement = (node: any) => {
if (typeof node === 'string') {
return document.createTextNode(node);
}
const el = document.createElement(node.type);
node.children.map(createElement).forEach(el.appendChild.bind(el));
return el;
};
If a node is a Text Node (i.e. "Hello"), we just render it using document.createTextNode function.
If not, we create element of given type using document.createElement and then, loop over each of it's children, calling createElement function recursively. That way we have created the whole tree and returned it, so it can be appended by the diff function.
Let's see the complete code we have written until now:
const app = document.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>('#app')!;
const h = (type: string, props: any = {}, children: any[] = []) => ({
type,
props,
children,
});
const view = () =>
h('div', {}, [
h('h1', {}, ['Hello']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
h('p', {}, ['from virtual DOM!']),
]);
const render = (root: HTMLElement, view: Function) => {
const rendered = view();
diff(root, null, rendered);
};
const createElement = (node: any) => {
if (typeof node === 'string') {
return document.createTextNode(node);
}
const el = document.createElement(node.type);
node.children.map(createElement).forEach(el.appendChild.bind(el));
return el;
};
const diff = (
root: HTMLElement,
oldNode: any,
newNode: any,
index: number = 0
) => {
if (!oldNode) {
root.appendChild(createElement(newNode));
}
};
render(app, view);
Now, in the browser we can check if our app is working - if we run this code we will see the following:
Conclusion
Yay. Now using view and h functions we can build infinitely complex UI.
Of course, we haven't implemented state management yet, so we can't change anything in the DOM. And we are not passing any attributes to the DOM so we can't really style our app.
Those topics we'll cover in the future blog posts from this series.
Stay tuned for the next part 😊
Interactive example on StackBlitz
